During sterile injury or infection, the innate immune system produces cytokines as part of the innate immune response. Molecules such as the cytokines tumour necrosis factor and interleukin-1 as well ...

The gastrocolic reflex is a normal reaction that moves the colon after eating to make more room for food. Symptoms of an overactive gastrocolic reflex can include abdominal pain, cramping, and ...

Palmar erythema occurs when the palms develop a reddish rash that is not painful or itchy. Palmar erythema usually occurs due to an underlying condition, such as pregnancy, cancer, liver disease, or ...

The importance of colostrum in a newborn calf is no secret. However, it can be a challenge for producers to know whether a calf is getting enough colostrum to receive optimal passive immunity from its ...