During sterile injury or infection, the innate immune system produces cytokines as part of the innate immune response. Molecules such as the cytokines tumour necrosis factor and interleukin-1 as well ...

The gastrocolic reflex is a normal reaction that moves the colon after eating to make more room for food. Symptoms of an overactive gastrocolic reflex can include abdominal pain, cramping, and ...

The importance of colostrum in a newborn calf is no secret. However, it can be a challenge for producers to know whether a calf is getting enough colostrum to receive optimal passive immunity from its ...

A pulled groin muscle causes pain and tenderness in the inner thigh that gets worse when you squeeze your legs together. Treatment for a groin pull includes rest, ice, and gentle stretching. Most ...