Using data gathered by NASA's Juno Jupiter orbiter, scientists estimate that Europa's ice shell is about 18 miles thick — which could make it hard for nutrients to get down to its buried ocean.

"By understanding the sizes and shapes of craters on Europa and reproducing their formation with numerical simulations, we’re able to infer information about how thick its ice shell is." When you ...

Miranda does not look like a typical small moon. The surface, seen in detail only once during Voyager 2’s flyby in 1986, ...