Earth system models (ESMs) integrate the interactions of atmosphere, ocean, land, ice, and biosphere to estimate the state of regional and global climate under a wide variety of conditions. A model ...

For over five decades, scientists have been striving to predict Earth's future climate. The progress has been remarkable, yet the task is daunting. As global warming accelerates, our ability to ...

Climate scientists are confronting a hard truth: some of the most widely used models are struggling to keep up with the pace and texture of real‑world warming. The physics at their core remains sound, ...

Have you ever stopped to wonder how forecasters can predict the weather days in advance, or how scientists figure out how the climate might evolve under different policies? The Earth system is a vast ...

Nadir Jeevanjee works for NOAA's Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, which is discussed in this article. The views expressed herein are in no sense official positions of the Geophysical Fluid ...